Main function and deficiency of vitamins in aquaculture:

vitamin A

① function

Promote the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, and maintain the integrity and normal permeability of the cell membrane and epithelial tissue.

Participating in the composition of rhodopsin， plays an important role in maintaining the photosensitivity of the retina.

② deficiency

Slow growth, increased mortality, accompanied by intra-abdominal edema, epidermal hypopigmentation, eye hypertrophy, swelling, deformity, edema, eye lens migration, and retinal degeneration;

Fish should show gill cover growth inhibition, pigmentation, anemia, eye and liver bleeding, and high mortality symptoms after 20 days of vitamin A deficiency.

Vitamin D3:

① Function: promote the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, improve the immune function, the calcium and phosphorus metabolism process of bone formation, and promote the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the stomach.

② Deficiency: long-term lack of vitamin D3 can hinder the absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, causing incomplete bone calcification, shrimp is easy to be affected during shell change.

Vitamin E

① function:

Promote the growth of aquatic animals, and adding a high level of VE to the feed is conducive to improving the efficiency and growth;

Improving the reproductive performance of aquatic animals is conducive to promoting the development of the gonads of aquatic animals;

 Improve the immune capacity of aquatic animals. Many studies have proved that VE can affect the function of the immune system;

It can protect the red blood cell membrane to increase the resistance to hemolytic substances;

 Improve the meat quality of aquatic animals, which can increase the stability and prolonged preservation of meat.

② deficiency:

Reduced survival and growth, anemia, ascites, immature red blood cells, variable shape of red blood cells, fragile and broken red blood cells, and nutritional muscle atrophy;

 Increased body water content (exudative substances) and lipid peroxidation;

Eye protrusion, poor appetite, fin bleeding, skin decay;

Hypopigmentation, fatty liver, muscle atrophy, body surface and fin base congestion;

Fat deposits in the pancreas; spinal curvature, renal cell degeneration, pancreatic cell degeneration produce thin ridge disease and spinal scoliosis.

Vitamin K3

Vitamin K3 powder is required to promote blood coagulation

① Function: The main role of vitamin K3 is to catalyze the synthesis of prothrombin, with the effect of promoting coagulation, in the use of sulfonamides or antibiotics, to the appropriate use of vitamin K3.

② Deficiency: a hemorrhagic disease caused by vitamin K3.

Vitamin B1:

① Function: appetizer to help digestion.

② Deficiency: growth dysplasia, loss of appetite, indigestion, vitamin B1 in the feed production process in the heat: easy to be destroyed.

Vitamin B2:

① Function: plays an important role in regulating cell respiration, and can improve the utilization rate of feed.

② Deficiency disease: slow growth

Vitamin B2 is a kind of vitamin that is more important in B vitamins for aquatic animals, but is not easy to satisfy. Aquatic animals are prone to deficiency, so attention should be paid to supply.

Vitamin B6:

① Function: involved in sugar, fat and protein metabolism.

② deficiency:

fish:

Anemia, anorexia, dark body color, loss of balance, slow growth and high mortality;

Kidney, ovarian and liver degeneration, thyroid reduction, and hematopoietic tissue hyperplasia in the kidney.

Symptoms of nerve disorders, convulsions, and blue body;

Poor growth, anorexia, epileptic convulsions, irritation of allergic spiral floating, tachypnea, gill cover curvature, etc.

Shrimp: slow weight gain, reduced survival rate, reduced food intake.

Calcium pantothenate (B5):

① Function: Pantothenic acid (calcium) is a component of Coenzyme A, involved in carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism.

② deficiency:

Bad appetite, slow growth, and increased death;

Allergy to light, skin and fin injury, bleeding, proptosis, anemia, jaw deformation;

The edema of the mouth and gills;

Movement disorders, poor growth and epidermal damage

Pantothenic acid is closely related to the use of vitamin B2, and the other requirement is increased when the species is deficient. Moreover, pantothenic acid is very unstable and prone to destruction when mixed with feed.

Nicotinamide (B3)

① Function: coenzyme and components of coenzyme I, become the coenzymes of many dehydrogenases.

② Deficiency: the synthesis of coenzyme A is reduced, resulting in the metabolism of sugar, fat, protein disorders, deficiency can affect the normal respiration and metabolism of cells and cause pellagra.

Vitamin C

① Function: enhance the body‘s immunity, has the effect of promoting the absorption of iron in the intestine, used for the detoxification of heavy metal ion poisoning and drug poisoning, anemia subsidy treatment.

② deficiency

Shrimp: the lower layer of the shell, the abdomen, the gills and even the connective tissue of the intestine will occur senescent lesions, the frequency of molting shell is reduced, the shrimp shell is soft, the gill turbidity, high mortality;

Fish: loss of appetite, poor growth, severe scurvy symptoms;

Ululcer are difficult to heal, increased capillary fragility, subcutaneous and mucosal tissues; spinal lordosis, scoliosis, rotten fins, reduced bone collagen, and abnormal cartilage of gills and fins.

Deficiency of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements

The vitamin requirement of fish varies greatly according to the species and growth stage.

Lack of vitamins will lead to slow growth of fish, reduced feed efficiency, decreased food intake, impaired material metabolism, and increased mortality.

Minerals and trace elements are important components of fish body organization, and they are indispensable nutrients for fish to maintain their normal material metabolism and physiological function.

The lack of certain minerals or trace elements in the feed can have adverse effects on fish.