Main function and
deficiency of vitamins in aquaculture:
vitamin A
① function
Promote the synthesis
of mucopolysaccharides, and maintain the integrity and normal permeability of
the cell membrane and epithelial tissue.
Participating in the
composition of rhodopsin, plays an important role in
maintaining the photosensitivity of the retina.
② deficiency
Slow growth, increased
mortality, accompanied by intra-abdominal edema, epidermal hypopigmentation,
eye hypertrophy, swelling, deformity, edema, eye lens migration, and retinal
degeneration;
Fish should show gill
cover growth inhibition, pigmentation, anemia, eye and liver bleeding, and high
mortality symptoms after 20 days of vitamin A deficiency.
Vitamin D3:
① Function: promote
the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus, improve the immune
function, the calcium and phosphorus metabolism process of bone formation, and
promote the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the stomach.
② Deficiency:
long-term lack of vitamin D3 can hinder the absorption and metabolism of calcium
and phosphorus, causing incomplete bone calcification, shrimp is easy to be affected
during shell change.
Vitamin E
① function:
Promote the growth of
aquatic animals, and adding a high level of VE to the feed is conducive to
improving the efficiency and growth;
Improving the
reproductive performance of aquatic animals is conducive to promoting the
development of the gonads of aquatic animals;
Improve the immune capacity of aquatic
animals. Many studies have proved that VE can affect the function of the immune
system;
It can protect the red
blood cell membrane to increase the resistance to hemolytic substances;
Improve the meat quality of aquatic animals,
which can increase the stability and prolonged preservation of meat.
② deficiency:
Reduced survival and
growth, anemia, ascites, immature red blood cells, variable shape of red blood
cells, fragile and broken red blood cells, and nutritional muscle atrophy;
Increased body water content (exudative
substances) and lipid peroxidation;
Eye protrusion, poor
appetite, fin bleeding, skin decay;
Hypopigmentation,
fatty liver, muscle atrophy, body surface and fin base congestion;
Fat deposits in the
pancreas; spinal curvature, renal cell degeneration, pancreatic cell
degeneration produce thin ridge disease and spinal scoliosis.
Vitamin K3
Vitamin K3 powder is required to
promote blood coagulation
① Function: The main
role of vitamin K3 is to catalyze the synthesis of prothrombin, with the effect of promoting
coagulation, in the use of sulfonamides or antibiotics, to the appropriate use
of vitamin K3.
② Deficiency: a
hemorrhagic disease caused by vitamin K3.
Vitamin B1:
① Function: appetizer
to help digestion.
② Deficiency: growth
dysplasia, loss of appetite, indigestion, vitamin B1 in the feed
production process in the heat: easy to be destroyed.
Vitamin B2:
① Function: plays an
important role in regulating cell respiration, and can improve the utilization
rate of feed.
② Deficiency disease:
slow growth
Vitamin B2 is a kind of vitamin
that is more important in B vitamins for aquatic animals, but is not easy to
satisfy. Aquatic animals are prone to deficiency, so attention should be paid
to supply.
Vitamin B6:
① Function: involved
in sugar, fat and protein metabolism.
② deficiency:
fish:
Anemia, anorexia, dark
body color, loss of balance, slow growth and high mortality;
Kidney, ovarian and
liver degeneration, thyroid reduction, and hematopoietic tissue hyperplasia in
the kidney.
Symptoms of nerve
disorders, convulsions, and blue body;
Poor growth, anorexia,
epileptic convulsions, irritation of allergic spiral floating, tachypnea, gill
cover curvature, etc.
Shrimp: slow weight
gain, reduced survival rate, reduced food intake.
Calcium pantothenate (B5):
① Function:
Pantothenic acid (calcium) is a component of Coenzyme A, involved in
carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism.
② deficiency:
Bad appetite, slow
growth, and increased death;
Allergy to light, skin
and fin injury, bleeding, proptosis, anemia, jaw deformation;
The edema of the mouth
and gills;
Movement disorders,
poor growth and epidermal damage
Pantothenic acid is
closely related to the use of vitamin B2, and the other
requirement is increased when the species is deficient. Moreover, pantothenic
acid is very unstable and prone to destruction when mixed with feed.
Nicotinamide (B3)
① Function: coenzyme
and components of coenzyme I, become the coenzymes of many dehydrogenases.
② Deficiency: the
synthesis of coenzyme A is reduced, resulting in the metabolism of sugar, fat,
protein disorders, deficiency can affect the normal respiration and metabolism
of cells and cause pellagra.
Vitamin C
① Function: enhance
the body‘s immunity, has the effect of promoting the absorption of iron in the
intestine, used for the detoxification of heavy metal ion poisoning and drug
poisoning, anemia subsidy treatment.
② deficiency
Shrimp: the lower
layer of the shell, the abdomen, the gills and even the connective tissue of
the intestine will occur senescent lesions, the frequency of molting shell is
reduced, the shrimp shell is soft, the gill turbidity, high mortality;
Fish: loss of
appetite, poor growth, severe scurvy symptoms;
Ululcer are difficult
to heal, increased capillary fragility, subcutaneous and mucosal tissues;
spinal lordosis, scoliosis, rotten fins, reduced bone collagen, and abnormal
cartilage of gills and fins.
Deficiency of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements
The vitamin
requirement of fish varies greatly according to the species and growth stage.
Lack of vitamins will
lead to slow growth of fish, reduced feed efficiency, decreased food intake,
impaired material metabolism, and increased mortality.
Minerals and trace
elements are important components of fish body organization, and they are
indispensable nutrients for fish to maintain their normal material metabolism
and physiological function.
The lack of certain
minerals or trace elements in the feed can have adverse effects on fish.